Impressment and the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

The impressment of United States seamen from American ships by the British Royal Naval created serious friction between the United States and Britain. This tension was heightened by the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair in 1807 and was a major cause of the  War of 1812.   Impressment and the British Royal Navy Impressment denotes the forceful taking of men and placing them into a navy. It was done without notice and was commonly used by the British Royal Navy in order to crew their warships. The Royal Navy normally used it during wartime when not only British merchant sailors were â€Å"impressed† but also sailors from other countries. This practice was also known as â€Å"the press† or â€Å"press gang† and it was first used by the Royal Navy in 1664 at the onset of the Anglo-Dutch wars. Although most British citizens strongly disapproved of impressment as being unconstitutional because they were not subject to conscription for other military branches, the British courts upheld this practice. This was mainly due to the fact that naval power was vital to Britain maintaining its’ existence.   The HMS Leopard and the USS Chesapeake In June 1807, the British HMS Leopard opened fire on USS Chesapeake which was forced to surrender. British sailors then removed four men from the Chesapeake who had deserted from the British Navy. Only one of the four was a British citizen, with the three others being Americans who had been impressed into British naval service. Their impressment caused widespread public outrage in the U.S. At the time, the British, as well as most of Europe, were engaged in fighting the French in what is known as the Napoleonic Wars, with the battles starting in 1803. In 1806, a hurricane damaged two French warships, the Cybelle  and  Patriot, which made their way into Chesapeake Bay for necessary repairs so that they could make the return trip to France.   In 1807, the British Royal Navy had a number of ships, including the Melampus and the  Halifax, which were conducting a blockade off the United States coast in order to capture Cybelle and Patriot if they became seaworthy and left Chesapeake Bay, as well as prevent the French from obtaining much needed supplies from the U.S. Several men from the British ships deserted and sought the protection of the U.S. government. They had deserted near Portsmouth, Virginia, and made their way into the city where they were seen by naval officers from their respective ships. The British request that these deserters be handed over was completely ignored by local American authorities and enraged Vice Admiral George Cranfield Berkeley, the Commander of the British North American Station at Halifax, Nova Scotia. Four of the deserters, one of which was a British citizen - Jenkins Ratford – with the three others – William Ware, Daniel Martin, and John Strachan – being Americans who had been impressed into British naval service, enlisted in the U.S. Navy. They were stationed on the USS Chesapeake which just happened to be moored in Portsmouth and was about to embark on a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Upon learning that Ratford had been bragging about his escape from the British custody, Vice Admiral Berkeley had issued an order that if a ship of the Royal Navy should find the  Chesapeake at sea, it was that ship’s duty to stop the Chesapeake and capture the deserters. The British were very intent on making an example of these deserters. On June 22, 1807, the Chesapeake left its’ port Chesapeake Bay and as it sailed past Cape Henry, Captain Salisbury Humphreys of the HMS Leopard sent a small boat to the  Chesapeake  and gave Commodore James Barron a copy of Admiral Berkeley orders that the deserters were to be arrested.   After Barron refused, the Leopard fired almost point blank seven cannon balls into the unprepared Chesapeake which was outgunned and therefore was forced to almost immediately surrender. The Chesapeake suffered several causalities during this very brief skirmish and in addition, the British took custody of the four deserters. The four deserters were taken to Halifax to be tried. The Chesapeake had suffered a fair amount of damage, but was able to return to Norfolk where the news of what had taken place quickly spread.   Once this news was made known throughout the United States which had very recently rid itself of British rule these further transgressions by the British was met with complete and total disdain.   American Reaction The American public was furious and demanded that the United States declare war against the British.   President Thomas Jefferson proclaimed that â€Å"Never since the Battle of Lexington have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation as at present, and even that did not produce such unanimity.† Although they were normally politically polar opposites, the Republican  and  Federalist parties were both aligned and it appeared that U.S. and Britain would soon be at war. However, President Jeffersons hands were tied militarily because the American army was small in number due to the Republicans desire to reduce government spending. In addition, the U.S. Navy was also quite small and most ships were deployed in the Mediterranean attempting to stop the Barbary pirates from destroying trade routes. President Jefferson was intentionally slow in taking action against the British knowing that the calls from war would subside – which they did. Instead of war, President Jefferson called for economic pressure against Britain with the result being the  Embargo Act. The Embargo Act proved to be highly unpopular with American merchant who had benefited for nearly a decade from the conflict between the British and the French, collecting large profits by conducting trade with both sides while maintaining neutrality. Aftermath In the end, the embargoes and economic did not work with the American merchants losing their shipping rights because Great Britain refused to make any concessions to the U.S. It seemed evident that only war would restore the United States autonomy in shipping. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain with a major reason being trade restrictions which had been imposed by the British. Commodore Barron was found guilty of â€Å"neglecting on the probability of an engagement, to clear his ship for action,† and was suspended from the U.S. Navy for five years without pay. On August 31, 1807, Ratford was convicted by court-martial for mutiny and desertion among other charges. He was sentenced to death the Royal Navy hanged him from a sail mast of the HMS  Halifax – the ship that he had escaped from looking for his freedom. While there is truly no way of knowing just how many American sailors were impressed into the Royal Navy, it is estimated that over one thousand men were impressed per year into the British service.

Essay on The New York Colony

Dear friend This is to inform you that I am headed to the New York colony next month. From a choice of many colonies in America, I have chosen the New York colony due to a number of reasons. I will elaborate these reasons shortly. Thesis statement The New York colony presents better opportunities for European immigrants than any other colony in America. In terms of transport, there are many natural harbors that our ship can dock. These harbors have been there for many years as they facilitated trade between America and other parts of the world and especially European nations. In New York, there is plenty of arable land for farming, this is contrary to our country in Europe where land is scanty and the soils are poor. In most of the other colonies, the farms are small and can only provide opportunities for subsistence farming. As a German male citizen, I prefer to live in the New York colony rather than any other colonies in America. Each colony in America has its unique characteristics. Due to religious coercion and scarcity of land in Germany, many people have been forced out of their country. Many German immigrants have already arrived and settled in British colonies of America mainly Pennsylvania and Newyork.There are   many reasons for this immigration ranging from religious freedom to economic opportunities greater than those which are available in Europe. Many of these immigrants are attracted by productive land because they are farmers and the existence of natural harbors has also facilitated trade with other European nations. Religion in the Newyork colony is rather individualistic and diverse, ranging from Lutheran, Catholics and Protestants. This colony is secular and allows diverse range of religion. It established laws and moral codes based on these secular ideologies. The immigrants make their living by cultivating crops like corn (eaten by both people and animals), vegetables, wheat, and tobacco, among others. The fur trade has also attracted immigrants to the Newyork colony. Most of the European immigrants are engaged in this trade since there is a wide market in the colony. Farming also ranges from domestic to commercial agriculture.Farm products are sold to other colonies and even European nations for profit.Other farmers grow crops and raise cattle to sustain their families. An example of colonial Newyork farm is the Philipsburg manor, owned by Anglo-Dutch merchant which is located in the Sleepy Hollow. The Phillipsburg leases land to occupant farmers who grow crops and raise livestock for export. Concerning religion, there was is no exact religion in this colony. The people practice various religions because of religious pluralism. The Protestants are the majority but there are also other religious groups like Muslim, Jewish, Baptist, the Episcopal and Presbyterian. There is also the non religious group that accommodates those without a religion. The Newyork government is organized in such a way that the self government display, has given rise to privileges and a share in the government. The people are granted liberty provided that they submit to their rulers .Although people in the colony pay taxes, they are represented in the government and no tax is introduced without the approval of the assembly .There is also the establishment of a revolutionary state government in Newyork colony. This colony is administered by a governor with advice from the council appointed by the governor. About education, considerable efforts have been made to educate the young. In the other colonies education is private and affordable only to the rich and there is no public school system in some of these colonies. The effort to educate the youth in the newyork colony is quite praiseworthy. In the field of medicine, the Newyork colony has made huge advancements compared to the other colonies, for instance there exist medical colleges and many drugs for curing diseases. There are also many hospitals that are run by government and missions and serve the entire population. This has made the New York colony quite habitable by foreign immigrants. In conclusion, based on the facts and evidence provided, it is quite significant to note that there has been a lot of advancement in the Newyork colony as compared to other colonies. These advancement have been observed in various sectors of the economy such as education, medicine, agriculture and transport among other sectors.

Mang-Inasal Free Essays

Mang Inasal Philippines is the Philippine’s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites, was first established on December12,2003 in Iloilo City. It operates quick service. It specializes in chicken inasal an various pinoy products. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿Mang-Inasal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company’s menu include pinoy palamigs, pinoy and keso burger, beef singangs, and bangus sinigangs. And they also serve pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites. Mang Inasal, innovation is important because competition in the fast food industry is very tight. Product innovation is a must as it adds value to the company since products are being offered to the market for attention, acquisition orconsumption that may satisfy a need or want. In this case product innovation is done toget the attention of customers and most especially the non-customers of the company sothat they will have a chance to steal some market share of their competitors. As the saying goes, â€Å"the test of the pudding is in the eating. † It is imperative for Mang Inasal, being in the fast food industry, to offer its customers with good food. They must thenmake sure that the taste, which the customers have grown accustomed, should bemaintained and standardized, to keep the customers hooked and coming back for more. Freshness and quality of ingredients should also be maintained as part of maintaininghigh standards with their products. Pricing also is an important to consider given that thetarget market of Mang Inasal is considered to be price sensitive. Any sudden and drasticchange in price might push the customers to find other food providers. And in theindustry that Mang Inasal is in, there many others than can provide Mang Inasal customers with other alternatives. It must then be ensured that products of Mang Inasal are priced in a way that highlights value at the same time, still affordable to its customers. The improvements and innovation in the product and services must be continuous. How to cite ï » ¿Mang-Inasal, Papers

Business Capstone Project Organic Food Market

Question: Describe about the Business Capstone Project of Organic Food Market . Answer: What factors influence the purchase of organic foods ways Rosebery residents in Sydney NSW? Introduction: The organic food market in Sydney is small niche markets. The organic products that are part of the domestic market are only 0.2 percent of total sales of food (Paul and Rana 2012). This percentage is related to less than 2 percent of all the agricultural land that is farmed organically in Sydney (Wikstrm et al. 2014). However, the sales from the organic food in the market of Sydney are only about 120 million dollars and this comes from exports from the global markets in organic food (Denver and Jensen 2014). Organic Production is a system that helps in the contribution of healthy people and soil (Henryks et al. 2015). It does not use chemicals; in fact, it promotes improved biological activity and encourages sustainability (Williams et al. 2015). Despite the fact that organic production is associated with acceptable characteristics very little research and development is carried out or accepted by the organic industry. The reason behind this is that there is restricted government funding for the research available in the organic industry and lack of communication for the support and growth of organic farming (Gracia and Magistris 2013). Opportunities: The small size of the market in Sydney makes it vulnerable to seasonal cycles and business. Since the number of producers is less, the industry is not able to maintain the supply of organic products and the quality is not maintained at the same time (Paul and Rana 2012.). Thus, there is a requirement that the organic market maintains stability so that the consumers are able to fulfil their needs related to organic products. In the coming years, the organic market shall increase as the number of consumers for the organic products shall increase (Liu et al. 2013). There is a likelihood that the, organic industry shall expand and increase in the coming years and that there was an increased awareness of organic food all over the world and not just Sydney NSW. Problems: In Sydney, the consumers have become frustrated due to lack of coordination from changes in the supply of products, co ordination from the producers and price disadvantages and they do not appreciate the benefits of foods that are produced organically (Solomon 2014). Thus, it was noted during the research that consumers in Sydney have poor understanding of the organic food that is available. Additionally, at the time of conducting the research it was seen that the consumers in Sydney do not have sufficient knowledge about the consumer behaviour that shall induce them in buying organic food (Gracia and Magistris 2013). Research Questions: How do consumers in Sydney identify and assess organic products? What the factors that influence the purchase decision of consumers in Sydney to buy products that are organic in nature? What is the purchase decision structure adopted by the consumers in Sydney when buying the organic products in Australia? Research Methodologies: This part of chapter 1 shall include the method of research that was used during the research. This section includes the qualitative and quantitative research method and it justifies the choice of method that was used to investigate on the given topic. The decision to adopt a quantitative or qualitative research method depends much on the contribution of solving the problem in the research. In the section of problems, the research problems were outlined and the research questions were formed based on the research problems. Following the step of formation of research question was the issue of adopting the accurate method of research, that is qualitative or quantitative research methods. It was therefore; decided that for this research a qualitative approach should be adopted so that a proper type of investigation is completed. The qualitative method enables the subjective standpoint to be captured successfully. The qualitative research method focuses on understanding and interpretation of the relevant theories and themes in practice whereas quantitative research focuses more on the statistical analysis of the problem depending on the hypothesis that is set by the researcher at the beginning of the research (Solomon 2014). In qualitative research methodology the theory can be casual or non casual and is often inductive. This is however relevant to the research that is been undertaken as it involves interpretation and understanding of the data that shall be available after conducting a primary and secondary research. Gantt chart Main activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 5 Week 6 7 Week 8 Selection of dissertation topic v Composition of literature review v Research methodology v Collection of primary data v Collection of secondary data v Results and findings v Analysis and interpretation of data v Conclusion and recommendation v Final submission v Table 1: Gantt chart (Source: Created by Author) Research Process: There are two types of variable based on which the research process is conducted, those are: Dependent Variable Independent Variable Dependent variable is the one that is of the interest to the researcher, whereas, independent variable is the one that affects the dependent variable. The researcher has the authority of manipulating the independent variable and observes the changes created in the dependent variable. A research should be conducted on both the dependent variable as well the independent variable. For this research, the availability of the organic food product shall be considered as independent variable whereas the dependent variable shall be the behaviour of the consumers (Liu et al. 2013). Data Collection and Analysis: For this research, the researcher shall rely on both primary as well as secondary data. The secondary data includes articles, journals and books whereas the primary data includes answers, responses of surveys conducted on a selected organisation or a group of people. For this research, a primary research shall be conducted on the people who stay at Rosebery residents in Sydney NSW for the factors that affect their purchase of organic food. The researcher shall collect responses from 50 respondents who are staying at the Rosebery Residents. As already mentioned, that for this research the researcher will conduct a qualitative research. Based on the responses that the researcher will obtain from the primary research a qualitative analysis will be conducted. Expected Outcome: The research will be able to draw the conclusion regarding the factors that influence the purchase of organic foods ways Rosebery residents in Sydney NSW. The research will produce an effective analysis on the factors that affect the purchase power of consumers in Rosebery residents. The research shall produce an effective discussion on the consumer behaviour theory, internal factor influencing the consumer, the motivation of the consumers that are conscious by nature and the cultural factors influencing the consumer. Moreover, the research shall also produce effective outcome of the social factor that influence the consumer, personal factors of the people and psychological factors affecting consumer behaviour (Denver and Jensen 2014). References: Denver, S. and Jensen, J.D., 2014. Consumer preferences for organically and locally produced apples.Food Quality and Preference,31, pp.129-134. Gracia, A. and de Magistris, T., 2013. Organic food product purchase behaviour: a pilot study for urban consumers in the South of Italy.Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,5(4), pp.439-451. Henryks, J., Pearson, D., Anisimova, T. and Sultan, P., 2015. Are organic food labels inadequate? Evidence from consumers in Australia.Business and Management Studies,1(2), pp.45-54. Liu, R., Pieniak, Z. and Verbeke, W., 2013. Consumers' attitudes and behaviour towards safe food in China: A review.Food Control,33(1), pp.93-104. Paul, J. and Rana, J., 2012. Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food.Journal of consumer Marketing,29(6), pp.412-422. Paul, J. and Rana, J., 2012. Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food.Journal of consumer Marketing,29(6), pp.412-422. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall. Wikstrm, F., Williams, H., Verghese, K. and Clune, S., 2013. The influence of packaging attributes on consumer behaviour in food-packaging LCA studies ea neglected topic.Journal of Cleaner Production,30, p.1e9. Wikstrm, F., Williams, H., Verghese, K. and Clune, S., 2014. The influence of packaging attributes on consumer behaviour in food-packaging life cycle assessment studies-a neglected topic.Journal of Cleaner Production,73, pp.100-108. Williams, L.T., Germov, J., Fuller, S. and Freij, M., 2015. A taste of ethical consumption at a slow food festival.Appetite,91, pp.321-328.